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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2226-5988</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2686-6749</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Клиническая и экспериментальная морфология</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Clinical and Experimental Morphology</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>ООО "Группа МДВ"</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31088/cem2023.12.3.28-40</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">Фенотипическое разнообразие М1 и М2 макрофагов микроокружения опухоли у пациенток с раком молочной железы: ассоциация с клинико-патологическими параметрами</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>M1 and M2 macrophage phenotypic diversity in the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer patients: association with clinical and pathological parameters</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Калинчук</surname>
            <given-names>Анна Юрьевна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Калинчук</surname>
              <given-names>Анна Юрьевна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Kalinchuk</surname>
              <given-names>Anna Yu.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>annakalinchuk2022@gmail.com</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2106-3513</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Таширева</surname>
            <given-names>Любовь Александровна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Таширева</surname>
              <given-names>Любовь Александровна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Tashireva</surname>
              <given-names>Lyubov A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>cem.journal@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2061-8417</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Перельмутер</surname>
            <given-names>Владимир Михайлович</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Перельмутер</surname>
              <given-names>Владимир Михайлович</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Perelmuter</surname>
              <given-names>Vladimir M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>cem.journal@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7633-9620</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт онкологии, Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр Российской академии наук (Томск, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences (Tomsk, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-25">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>12</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>28</fpage>
      <lpage>40</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-09-15">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-12-12">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2022-10-18">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Введение. Известно, что М1 и М2 макрофаги микроокружения при раке молочной железы (РМЖ) способны экспрессировать белок запрограммированной клеточной гибели 1 (programmed cell death protein 1, PD-1) и лиганд запрограммированной клеточной гибели 1 (programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1), что может определять исход заболевания, а также ответ опухоли на лечение, в частности иммунотерапию. Тем не менее макрофагальный состав микроокружения рака молочной железы и его взаимосвязь с различными клинико-патологическими характеристиками изучены фрагментарно. Цель исследования – выявить особенности экспрессии PD-1 и PD-L1 на М1 и М2 макрофагах у пациенток с РМЖ в зависимости от менструальной функции, размера опухоли, молекулярного подтипа, лимфогенного и гематогенного метастазирования. Материалы и методы. В исследование были включены 19 пациенток с диагнозом «рак молочной железы». С помощью семицветной мультиплексной TSA (tyramide signal amplification)-модифицированной иммуногистохимии идентифицированы М1 макрофаги (CD68+CD163–CD3–CKAE1/3–) и М2 макрофаги (CD68+/–CD163+CD3–CKAE1/3–), а также оценена экспрессия на них PD-1 и PD-L1. Результаты. Макрофагальный состав микроокружения РМЖ вариабелен по экспрессии PD-1 и PD‑L1, причем она более свойственна М1 макрофагам и не зависит от молекулярного подтипа опухоли и возникновения гематогенных метастазов. При этом у пациенток с опухолями, соответствующими по размеру Т2, относительное количество макрофагов с фенотипами PD1–PDL1+ M1 и PD1+PDL1+ M2 было выше, чем при Т1. Различия в макрофагальном составе обнаружены у пациенток в зависимости от вовлечения в процесс лимфатических узлов. В группе пациенток без лимфогенного метастазирования в опухолях практически отсутствовали М2 макрофаги с экспрессией PD-1 в отличие от группы с метастазами в лимфатических узлах. Заключение. Для рака молочной железы показано фенотипическое разнообразие макрофагов в микроокружении опухоли, а также обнаружены межперсональные различия в макрофагальном составе новообразований. Исходно разный состав макрофагов характерен для пациенток с разным размером опухоли и разной вовлеченностью в процесс лимфатических узлов.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Introduction. M1 and M2 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment are known to express programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). It can determine disease outcomes and tumor response to treatment including immunotherapy. However, the macrophage composition of the breast cancer microenvironment and its relation to various clinical and pathological features have been only partially studied. The aim of the study was to detect the PD-1 and PD-L1 expression features in M1 and M2 macrophages in breast cancer patients depending on menstruation, tumor size, molecular subtype, lymph node metastases, and hematogenous metastases. Materials and methods. The study included 19 patients with breast cancer. Using seven-color multiplex TSA-modified immunohistochemistry, we identified M1 macrophages (CD68+CD163–CD3–CKAE1/3–), M2 macrophages (CD68+/–CD163+CD3–CKAE1/3–), and PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in the macrophages. Results. The macrophage composition of the breast carcinoma microenvironment varies in PD-1 and PD-L1 expression. M1 macrophages are more characteristic to show their expression, and it does not depend on the molecular subtype and the presence of hematogenous metastases. Simultaneously, the relative number of macrophages with phenotypes PD1–PDL1+ M1 and PD1+PDL1+ M2 was higher in patients with tumor size corresponding to T2 compared to T1. Differences in macrophage composition were found in patients depending on the lymph node involvement. Patients without lymph node metastases had virtually no PD-1 expression in M2 macrophages in contrast to patients with them. Conclusion. Breast cancer was shown to have phenotypic variety of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, macrophage composition was diverse in different individuals. Initially, a different composition of macrophages is characteristic of patients with different tumor sizes and different lymph node involvement. Keywords: breast cancer, M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, PD-L1, PD-1</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>рак молочной железы</kwd>
        <kwd>М1 макрофаги</kwd>
        <kwd>М2 макрофаги</kwd>
        <kwd>PD-L1</kwd>
        <kwd>PD-1</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>breast cancer</kwd>
        <kwd>M1 macrophages</kwd>
        <kwd>M2 macrophages</kwd>
        <kwd>PD-L1</kwd>
        <kwd>PD-1</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке гранта РНФ № 20-75-10033.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant No. 20-75-10033.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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