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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2226-5988</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2686-6749</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Клиническая и экспериментальная морфология</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Clinical and Experimental Morphology</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>ООО "Группа МДВ"</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31088/CEM2024.13.3.26-33</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">Нейтрофильные синцитии в периферической крови пациентов с коронавирусной инфекцией (COVID-19)</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Neutrophil syncytia in the peripheral blood of patients with coronavirus infection (COVID-19)</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Сомова</surname>
            <given-names>Лариса Михайловна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Сомова</surname>
              <given-names>Лариса Михайловна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Somova</surname>
              <given-names>Larisa M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>l_somova@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2023-1503</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Абрамова</surname>
            <given-names>Светлана Алексеевна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Абрамова</surname>
              <given-names>Светлана Алексеевна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Abramova</surname>
              <given-names>Svetlana A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>cem.journal@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2428-3186</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Дробот</surname>
            <given-names>Елена Игоревна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Дробот</surname>
              <given-names>Елена Игоревна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Drobot</surname>
              <given-names>Elena I.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>cem.journal@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7672-1582</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Пустовалов</surname>
            <given-names>Евгений Владиславович</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Пустовалов</surname>
              <given-names>Евгений Владиславович</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Pustovalov</surname>
              <given-names>Evgeny V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>cem.journal@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1036-3975</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Ляпун</surname>
            <given-names>Ирина Николаевна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Ляпун</surname>
              <given-names>Ирина Николаевна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Lyapun</surname>
              <given-names>Irina N.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>cem.journal@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5290-3864</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Щелканов</surname>
            <given-names>Михаил Юрьевич</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Щелканов</surname>
              <given-names>Михаил Юрьевич</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Shchelkanov</surname>
              <given-names>Mikhail Yu.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>cem.journal@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8610-7623</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Г.П. Сомова Роспотребнадзора, Владивосток, Россия</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok, Russia</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Г.П. Сомова Роспотребнадзора, Владивосток, Россия; ФГАОУ ВО Дальневосточный федеральный университет, Владивосток, Россия</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok, Russia; Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff3">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Г.П. Сомова Роспотребнадзора, Владивосток, Россия; ФГАОУ ВО Дальневосточный федеральный университет, Владивосток, Россия; ФГБУН Национальный научный центр морской биологии имени А.В. Жирмунского ДВО РАН, Владивосток, Россия</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok, Russia; Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Vladivostok, Russia</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-01">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>13</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>26</fpage>
      <lpage>33</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-03-14">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-04-01">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2024-03-25">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Введение. COVID-19, этиологически связанная с коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2 инфекционная болезнь, проявляется лихорадкой, респираторными симптомами, а также лимфоцитопенией. Механизмы патогенеза COVID-19 остаются в значительной степени неясными. Установлено, что инфицирование вирусом SARS-CoV-2 может приводить к образованию многоядерных синцитиев, которые преобладают в тканях легких и могут нацеливаться на лимфоциты, потенциально способствуя лимфоцитопении. Образование этих структур расценивается как результат фузогенной cпособности шиповидного (спайкового) белка SARS-CoV-2. Целью настоящей работы было исследование морфологии и патогенетического значения межклеточных взаимодействий лейкоцитов периферической крови у пациентов с коронавирусной инфекцией, вызванной SARS-CoV-2. Материалы и методы. Исследована кровь 30 пациентов, инфицированных SARS-CoV-2, находившихся на лечении в 2021–2022 годах в краевой клинической больнице № 2 Владивостока. Диагноз «коронавирусная инфекция» (COVID-19) был подтвержден с помощью ПЦР-теста. Фиксированные в OsO4 образцы лейкоконцентрата периферической крови были залиты в эпоксидную смолу White Resin с последующим приготовлением ультратонких срезов. Результаты. Настоящее исследование показало, что на фоне морфологической аномалии лейкоцитов, выявленной нами ранее, в периферической крови пациентов с COVID-19 формируются нейтрофильные синцитии, состоящие из клеток, соединенных между собой цитоплазматическими мостиками. Прослежены три этапа формирования нейтрофильного синцития: на первом этапе наблюдается сближение клеток друг с другом с образованием крупных выростов, участвующих в процессе стыковки клеток; на втором этапе выявлено образование синаптической связи между клетками (щелевой контакт); на третьем этапе происходило полное слияние наружных мембран клеток с образованием синцития. Заключение. Анализ полученных результатов позволяет высказать предположение, что выявленное нами формирование нейтрофильных синцитиев в периферической крови пациентов с COVID-19 создает условия для гематогенной диссеминации SARS-CoV-2 и вирусемии с генерализацией инфекции и развитием полиорганной патологии.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Introduction. COVID-19, an infectious disease etiologically related to the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, manifests with fever, respiratory symptoms, and lymphocytopenia. Pathogenic mechanisms of COVID-19 remain largely unclear. SARS-CoV-2 infection was found to cause the formation of multinucleated syncytia, which dominate in lung tissues and can target lymphocytes, potentially contributing to lymphocytopenia. The formation of these structures is considered to be the result of the fusogenic ability of the SARS-CoV-2 spike-like protein. The aim was to study the morphology and pathogenic significance of intercellular interactions of peripheral blood leukocytes in patients with coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. Materials and methods. We studied blood samples of 30 patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, who underwent treatment in the Regional Clinical Hospital No. 2, Vladivostok, in 2021–2022. The COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed using a PCR test. Peripheral blood buffy coat samples fixed in OsO4 were embedded in white resin epoxy (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), and then ultrathin sections were prepared. Results. Against the background of the morphological leukocyte abnormality, in the peripheral blood of patients with COVID-19, neutrophilic syncytia were formed. These syncytia consisted of cells interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges. We distinguished three stages of the neutrophilic syncytium formation, at the first one, cells approaching each other and forming large outgrowths involved in cell docking. The second one was characterized by the formation of a synaptic connection between cells (split contact). At the last stage, outer cell membranes fused completely and the syncytium formed. Conclusion. Based on our analysis we assume that the formation of neutrophil syncytia in the peripheral blood of patients with COVID-19 creates conditions for hematogenous dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 and viremia, generalization of infection and the development of multiorgan pathology.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>кровь</kwd>
        <kwd>лейкоциты</kwd>
        <kwd>нейтрофильные синцитии</kwd>
        <kwd>морфология</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>коронавирус</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>blood</kwd>
        <kwd>leukocytes</kwd>
        <kwd>neutrophil syncytia</kwd>
        <kwd>morphology</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках государственного задания Научно-исследовательского института эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.П. Сомова Роспотребнадзора (№ 141-00089-21-02) при поддержке гранта РФФИ № 20-04-60212 «Комплексный эколого-вирусологический мониторинг коронавирусов в экосистемах Дальнего Востока».</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out within the framework of State Assignment to Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology (No. 141-00089-21-02) and was supported by the RFBR Project No. 20-04-60212 “Integrated ecological and virological monitoring of coronaviruses in the ecosystems of the Far East”.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
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