2226-5988 2686-6749 Клиническая и экспериментальная морфология Clinical and Experimental Morphology ООО "Группа МДВ" 10.31088/CEM2026.15.1.5-12 Формирование овариального резерва в яичниках человека: морфологические и молекулярные аспекты Establishment of the ovarian reserve in human ovaries: morphological and molecular aspects Дробинцева Анна Олеговна Дробинцева Анна Олеговна Drobintseva Anna O. ao.drobintseva@gpmu.org 0000-0002-6833-6243 Тайц Анна Николаевна Тайц Анна Николаевна Taits Anna N. 0000-0003-3296-1829 Лаптиев Сергей Александрович Лаптиев Сергей Александрович Laptiev Sergei A. 0009-0004-0163-0271 Самарина Полина Эдуардовна Самарина Полина Эдуардовна Samarina Polina E. 0009-0003-9173-1414 Орлова Анастасия Дмитриевна Орлова Анастасия Дмитриевна Orlova Anastasia D. 0009-0008-0462-5207 Абузова Анастасия Сергеевна Абузова Анастасия Сергеевна Abuzova Anastasia S. 0009-0006-0170-6963 ФГБОУ ВО Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет Минздрава России, Санкт-Петербург, Россия Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia 27 02 2026 15 1 5 12 11 09 2025 10 12 2025 29 09 2025

Формирование овариального резерва – сложный процесс, закладывающий основу для функционирования женских половых клеток во взрослом организме. Механизмы формирования пула ооцитов сложны и охватывают спецификацию первичных половых клеток, их миграцию к половым валикам, вхождение в мейоз и формирование примордиальных фолликулов. Критический отбор ооцитов на эмбриональной стадии определяет будущий репродуктивный потенциал женщины. Комплексный анализ морфофункциональных и молекулярных механизмов эмбриогенеза женской репродуктивной системы, включая взаимодействие ооцитов с соматическими клетками, формирование первичных и вторичных фолликулов и регуляцию апоптоза, открывает путь к разработке инновационных методов ранней диагностики, персонализированной оценки овариального резерва еще до наступления половой зрелости. Понимание молекулярных и морфофункциональных механизмов, лежащих в основе формирования фолликулярного резерва, критически важно для расшифровки причин первичного женского бесплодия, в частности преждевременной недостаточности яичников. Таким образом, расшифровка пренатальных механизмов оогенеза открывает новые подходы для сохранения фертильности и обеспечения долгосрочного репродуктивного здоровья. Цель обзора: комплексная характеристика морфологических этапов и молекулярных механизмов, лежащих в основе пренатального формирования фолликулярного резерва у человека.

Establishment of the ovarian reserve is a complex process that lays the foundation for the functioning of female germ cells in an adult body. The mechanisms underlying the formation of the oocyte pool are multifaceted and include primordial germ cell specification, migration to gonadal ridges, entry into meiosis, and the formation of primordial follicles. Critical selection of oocytes at the embryonic stage determines a woman’s future reproductive potential. A comprehensive analysis of the morphological and functional and molecular mechanisms of embryogenesis–including oocyte-somatic cell interactions, primary and secondary follicle formation, and the regulation of apoptosis–provides a basis for the development of innovative approaches to early diagnosis and personalized assessment of the ovarian reserve before puberty. Understanding the molecular and morphological and functional mechanisms underlying follicular reserve formation is essential for elucidating the causes of primary female infertility, particularly premature ovarian insufficiency. Thus, deciphering the prenatal mechanisms of oogenesis may open new avenues for fertility preservation and long-term health maintenance. This review provides a systematic outline of the morphological and molecular framework underlying the establishment of the human ovarian follicular reserve during prenatal development.

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