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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2226-5988</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2686-6749</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Клиническая и экспериментальная морфология</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Clinical and Experimental Morphology</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>ООО "Группа МДВ"</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31088/cem2026.15.4.22-32</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">http://cem-journal.ru/index.php/cem/article/view/401/497</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">Гетерогенность раковых стволовых клеток и сфероидные структуры в различных клеточных культурах злокачественных опухолей</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Cancer stem cell heterogeneity and spheroid structures in different tumor cell lines</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Коган</surname>
            <given-names>Евгения Алтаровна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Коган</surname>
              <given-names>Евгения Алтаровна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Kogan</surname>
              <given-names>E.A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1107-3753</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Авраамова</surname>
            <given-names>София Тариэловна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Авраамова</surname>
              <given-names>София Тариэловна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Avraamova</surname>
              <given-names>S.T.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9704-5915</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Меерович</surname>
            <given-names>Геннадий Александрович</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Меерович</surname>
              <given-names>Геннадий Александрович</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Meerovich</surname>
              <given-names>G.A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2046-5492</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Каршиева</surname>
            <given-names>Саида Шамильевна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Каршиева</surname>
              <given-names>Саида Шамильевна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Karshieva</surname>
              <given-names>S.Sh.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2469-2315</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Вдовина</surname>
            <given-names>Галина Ильинична</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Вдовина</surname>
              <given-names>Галина Ильинична</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Vdovina</surname>
              <given-names>G.I.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-2047-5267</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Меерович</surname>
            <given-names>Ирина Геннадьевна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Меерович</surname>
              <given-names>Ирина Геннадьевна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Meerovich</surname>
              <given-names>I.G.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9732-8149</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Романовская</surname>
            <given-names>Анна Дмитриевна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Романовская</surname>
              <given-names>Анна Дмитриевна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Romanovskya</surname>
              <given-names>A.D.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>kukleva_msmu@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6690-3347</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Щелокова</surname>
            <given-names>Елена Евгеньевна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Щелокова</surname>
              <given-names>Елена Евгеньевна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Shchelokova</surname>
              <given-names>E.E.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5030-0429</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Жарков</surname>
            <given-names>Николай Владимирович</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Жарков</surname>
              <given-names>Николай Владимирович</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Zharkov</surname>
              <given-names>N.V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7183-0456</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Демура</surname>
            <given-names>Татьяна Александровна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Демура</surname>
              <given-names>Татьяна Александровна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Demura</surname>
              <given-names>T.A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6946-6146</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Решетов</surname>
            <given-names>Игорь Владимирович</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Решетов</surname>
              <given-names>Игорь Владимирович</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Reshetov</surname>
              <given-names>I.V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0909-6278</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет) (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет); ФГБУН ФИЦ Институт общей физики имени А.М. Прохорова РАН (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff3">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Национальный исследовательский технологический университет «МИСиС», Институт биомедицинской инженерии (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Moscow, Russia (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff4">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГУ ФИЦ «Фундаментальные основы биотехнологии» РАН, Институт биохимии имени А.Н. Баха (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research Center Fundamentals of Biotechnology, A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Moscow, Russia (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-31">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>14</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>22</fpage>
      <lpage>32</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-20">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-14">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2026-03-26">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коллектив авторов</copyright-holder>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://cem-journal.ru/index.php/cem/article/view/401/497">http://cem-journal.ru/index.php/cem/article/view/401/497</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Введение. Высокая летальность, рецидивирование опухолей и устойчивость к терапии – важнейшие проблемы онкологии, во многом связанные с наличием в их составе особой популяции опухолевых клеток – раковых стволовых клеток. Они резистентны к воздействиям, способны к самообновлению и созданию дочерних клеток, дифференцировке и эпителиально-мезенхимальной трансформации. Остается нерешенным вопрос, существует в опухоли один тип раковых стволовых клеток или речь идет о возможной иерархии гетерогенных раковых стволовых клеток. Цель нашей работы – проанализировать гетерогенность раковых стволовых клеток по экспрессии маркеров стволовости и их связь со сфероидными структурами в разнообразных культурах опухолей (глиобластома U-251, глиобластома U-87, рак шейки матки – SiHa, HeLa, рак кожи вульвы А431 и аденокарцинома легкого А549). Материалы и методы. Исследование проводилось иммуноцитохимическим методом. В качестве маркеров раковых стволовых клеток применяли антитела к ALDH1, CD133, CD34. Результаты. В изученных клеточных культурах предположительно обнаружены иерархии гетерогенных раковых стволовых клеток. В аденокарциноме легкого А549 преобладают ALDH1+ и CD34+, в культурах глиобластом U-251 и U-87 – CD133 и ALDH1, а в карциномах шейки матки HeLa, SiHa – все варианты раковых стволовых клеток. В раке вульвы A431 обнаружено наименьшее количество раковых стволовых клеток. Установлено, что в сфероидных структурах отмечаются скопления раковых стволовых клеток, что может соответствовать их нишам, описанным в опухолевой ткани. Заключение. Понимание биологии раковых стволовых клеток открывает пути к разработке новых методов противоопухолевой терапии.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Introduction. High mortality, tumor recurrence, and resistance to therapy remain major challenges in oncology and are largely attributed to the presence of a distinct population of tumor cells known as cancer stem cells. They are resistant to adverse conditions and capable of self-renewal daughter cell generation, differentiation, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. It remains unclear whether tumors contain a single population of stem cells or multiple heterogeneous populations organized in a hierarchical manner. The purpose of our study was to analyze cancer stem cell heterogeneity by investigating marker expression and the association of these cells with spheroidal structures in several tumor cell lines: glioblastoma U-251 and U-87, cervical cancer SiHa and HeLa, vulvar squamous cell carcinoma A431, and lung adenocarcinoma A549.&#13;
Materials and methods. Immunocytochemical analysis was performed using antibodies against ALDH1, CD133, and CD34 as cancer stem cell markers.&#13;
Results. Hierarchies of heterogeneous cancer stem cells were presumably found in the studied tumor cell lines. ALDH1+ and CD34+ predominate in A549 lung adenocarcinoma; CD133 and ALDH1, in U-251 and U-87 glioblastoma cultures; and HeLa and SiHa, in cervical carcinomas. Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma A431 is characterized by the lowest number of cancer stem cells. Clusters of cancer stem cells were found in spheroidal structures, which may correspond to their niches identified in the tumor tissue.&#13;
Conclusion. Understanding cancer stem cell biology may contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches.&#13;
Keywords: cancer stem cells, heterogeneity, hierarchy, plasticity, spheroid structures</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>раковые стволовые клетки</kwd>
        <kwd>гетерогенность</kwd>
        <kwd>иерархия</kwd>
        <kwd>пластичность</kwd>
        <kwd>сфероидные структуры</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>cancer stem cells</kwd>
        <kwd>heterogeneity</kwd>
        <kwd>hierarchy</kwd>
        <kwd>plasticity</kwd>
        <kwd>spheroid structures</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование Е.А. Коган, А.Д. Романовской, С.Т. Авраамовой, Г.А. Мееровича, И.В. Решетова выполнено при финансовой поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-45-00020.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study by E.A. Kogan, A.D. Romanovskaya, S.T. Avraamova, G.A. Meerovich, and I.V. Reshetov was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant No. 24-45-00020.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
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