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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2226-5988</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2686-6749</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Клиническая и экспериментальная морфология</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Clinical and Experimental Morphology</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>ООО "Группа МДВ"</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31088/cem2026.15.4.42-50</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">http://cem-journal.ru/index.php/cem/article/view/403/499</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">Иммуногистохимическая оценка маркеров аутофагии в моторных областях головного мозга пациентов с болезнью Альцгеймера</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Immunohistochemical analysis of autophagy-associated proteins in the motor cortex of patients with Alzheimer’s disease</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Сухоруков</surname>
            <given-names>Владимир Сергеевич</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Сухоруков</surname>
              <given-names>Владимир Сергеевич</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Sukhorukov</surname>
              <given-names>V.S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0552-6939</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Баранич</surname>
            <given-names>Татьяна Ивановна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Баранич</surname>
              <given-names>Татьяна Ивановна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Baranich</surname>
              <given-names>T.I.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>baranich_tatyana@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8999-9986</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Вельц</surname>
            <given-names>Ольга Владимировна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Вельц</surname>
              <given-names>Ольга Владимировна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Velts</surname>
              <given-names>О.V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-0223-7335</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Воронков</surname>
            <given-names>Дмитрий Николаевич</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Воронков</surname>
              <given-names>Дмитрий Николаевич</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Voronkov</surname>
              <given-names>D.N.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5222-5322</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Окулова</surname>
            <given-names>Ксения Максимовна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Окулова</surname>
              <given-names>Ксения Максимовна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Okulova</surname>
              <given-names>K.M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8464-9766</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Лазарев</surname>
            <given-names>Дмитрий Сергеевич</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Лазарев</surname>
              <given-names>Дмитрий Сергеевич</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Lazarev</surname>
              <given-names>D.S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-8780-6425</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Щербак</surname>
            <given-names>Екатерина Вадимовна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Щербак</surname>
              <given-names>Екатерина Вадимовна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Shcherbak</surname>
              <given-names>E.V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-0346-4523</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Ракша</surname>
            <given-names>Александр Петрович</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Ракша</surname>
              <given-names>Александр Петрович</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Raksha</surname>
              <given-names>A.P.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7897-5179</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Глинкина</surname>
            <given-names>Валерия Владимировна</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Глинкина</surname>
              <given-names>Валерия Владимировна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Glinkina</surname>
              <given-names>V.V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8708-6940</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Российский центр неврологии и нейронаук (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences, Moscow, Russia (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Российский центр неврологии и нейронаук; ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет) (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences, Moscow, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff3">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ Российский центр неврологии и нейронаук; ФГАОУ ВО Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Russian Center of Neurology and Neurosciences, Moscow, Russia; N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff4">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ Городская клиническая больница № 1 имени Н.И. Пирогова Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы (Москва, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov City Clinical Hospital No. 1, Moscow, Russia (Moscow, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-31">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>14</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>42</fpage>
      <lpage>50</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-27">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-14">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2026-05-04">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коллектив авторов</copyright-holder>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://cem-journal.ru/index.php/cem/article/view/403/499">http://cem-journal.ru/index.php/cem/article/view/403/499</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Введение. Болезнь Альцгеймера – наиболее распространенная причина деменции, однако патогенез заболевания остается недостаточно изученным. Дисфункция аутофагии – процесса клиренса поврежденных белков и органелл – играет важную роль в нейродегенерации. Тем не менее данные о регион-специфичном распределении маркеров аутофагии в моторных областях мозга при болезни Альцгеймера крайне ограничены. В связи с этим целью исследования является иммуногистохимическая оценка аутофагии в нейронах головки хвостатого ядра и моторной коры пациентов с болезнью Альцгеймера. Материалы и методы. Иммуногистохимическое исследование выполнено на аутопсийном материале головного мозга пациентов трех групп: с болезнью Альцгеймера (n=15), группа нормального старения (n=20) и группа молодого возраста (n=20). В перикарионах нейронов головки хвостатого ядра (стриатум), а также в нейронах 3-го и 5-го слоев моторной коры оценивалась интенсивность иммуногистохимической реакции. Результаты. При старении в нейронах головки хвостатого ядра происходит снижение маркеров аутофагосом беклина-1 и LC3b, а также увеличение количества маркера поврежденных митохондрий pS65-Ub и маркера лизосом LAMP2. При болезни Альцгеймера количество маркера pS65-Ub в нейронах этой области увеличивается, тогда как количество маркеров аутофагосом беклина-1, LC3b и маркера лизосом LAMP2 значительно снижается. При старении в нейронах 3-го и 5-го слоев моторной коры наблюдается увеличение количества маркеров убиквитина и pS65-Ub, снижение количества маркеров беклина-1 и LC3b, а количество маркера LAMP2 не отличается от значений контрольной группы. При болезни Альцгеймера количество маркеров убиквитина, беклина-1, LC3b не изменяется относительно группы старения, а количество маркеров фосфорилированного убиквитина и LAMP2 снижается. Заключение. При болезни Альцгеймера в моторных отделах головного мозга формируется регион-специфичный паттерн аутофаголизосомальной дисфункции: в стриатуме повреждение носит выраженный характер, в моторной коре преобладает менее выраженный лизосомальный дефицит при сохранной инициации аутофагии.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Introduction. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia; however, its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Autophagy dysfunction, a key process for the clearance of damaged proteins and organelles, plays a significant role in neurodegeneration. However, data on the region-specific distribution of autophagy markers in motor areas of the brain in Alzheimer’s disease are extremely limited. Therefore, this study aimed to immunohistochemically evaluate autophagy markers in neurons of the head of the caudate nucleus and motor cortex of patients with Alzheimer’s disease.&#13;
Materials and methods. An immunohistochemical study was performed on brain autopsies from three groups: patients with Alzheimer’s disease (n=15), healthy aging participants (n=20), and young patients (n=20). The intensity of the immunohistochemical reaction was assessed in the perikarya of neurons in the head of the caudate nucleus (striatum) and in neurons in layers 3 and 5 of the motor cortex.&#13;
Results. With aging, neurons in the head of the caudate nucleus exhibit decreased levels of the autophagosome-associated proteins Beclin-1 and LC3b, accompanied by increased levels of the damaged mitochondria marker pS65-Ub and the lysosomal protein LAMP2. In Alzheimer’s disease, neuronal pS65-Ub levels are further elevated, whereas the expression of Beclin-1, LC3b, and LAMP2 significantly reduces. In layers 3 and 5 of the motor cortex, aging is associated with increased levels of Ub and pS65-Ub, together with decreased Beclin-1 and LC3b, while LAMP2 levels remain comparable to those in the young group. In Alzheimer’s disease, Ub, Beclin-1, and LC3b levels remain unchanged relative to the aging group, whereas p-Ub and LAMP2 levels are decreased.&#13;
Conclusion. In Alzheimer’s disease, a region-specific pattern of autophagolysosomal dysfunction develops in the motor regions of the brain: in the striatum, the damage is more pronounced, whereas in the motor cortex, a less pronounced isolated lysosomal deficit predominates with preserved autophagy initiation. &#13;
Keywords: autophagy, neurodegeneration, Alzheimer’s disease, motor cortex, striatum</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>аутофагия</kwd>
        <kwd>нейродегенерация</kwd>
        <kwd>болезнь Альцгеймера</kwd>
        <kwd>моторная кора</kwd>
        <kwd>стриатум</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>autophagy</kwd>
        <kwd>neurodegeneration</kwd>
        <kwd>Alzheimer’s disease</kwd>
        <kwd>motor cortex</kwd>
        <kwd>striatum</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана грантом Минобрнауки России на проведение крупных научных проектов по приоритетным направлениям научно-технологического развития (соглашение № 075-15-2024-638).</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia for carrying out large-scale scientific projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development (Agreement No. 075-15-2024-638).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
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